Posts Tagged ‘Education’

An Intriguing Look At The History Of Glass Windows

Saturday, April 24th, 2010

The history of glass windows surprisingly goes back much further than you may imagine. Whilst naturally formed glass has been around since before the birth of mankind, the actual first instance of man making glass came in around 3500 B. C. The people of Mesopotamia managed to manufacture their own glass which they used to decorate pots and other vessels.

The first instance of glass being used for windows in buildings, especially in Britain, was during the period of the Romans. In the 1st century A. D. It is known that the Romans used glass for a variety of reasons including mosaic tiles, decorating pottery and as windows. It seems that the glass window became more popular with the advent of churches and other places to worship. Most of the earliest examples of Roman window glass are coloured, suggesting that they were stained-glass windows from churches, for example.

It was not until the 13th century that the manufacture of glass for windows really took off. The skill of producing sheet glass had been mastered by the Germans in the 11th century and perfected by the Venetians by the 13th century.

During the 14th century, the French managed to perfect the art of blown plate glass (this is where it is hand blown then grinded and polished to look smooth). They also perfected Crown glass which was hand-blown glass that was flattened completely. The French were reluctant to divulge their manufacturing secrets before the 17th century, resulting in Crown glass and blown plate glass not being manufactured anywhere else until this time. Until the 19th century the world saw the rise in popularity of these two types of glass for making windows.

After the decline in popularity of Crown glass and blown plate glass, it was the turn of flat sheet glass. This type was used in windows up until the First World War, in particular for many of the sash windows you can see on older buildings today. After this time, it fell to floating glass, which was designed by Sir Alistair Pilkington in the 1950s, to rise to the top of the popularity stakes.

The history of glass windows does not stop there as we have new, modern types of glass that are found in most of our modern buildings. This includes toughened safety glass and laminated glass, used in many of the double glazing units in use in homes today. The process of making glass for windows is continually evolving, including the wonderful Smart glass that can change the amount of light a window has at the touch of a button.

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categories: history,glass,glazing,construction,house,home,property,interior design,facts,education,windows

The History Of Glass Windows In Europe And The Modern Day Global Results

Wednesday, April 21st, 2010

The history of glass windows has a somewhat prestigious past due to the Romans beginning the use in 100 AD for villas or buildings of the prestigious. Glass that was produced by Romans has a recorded history of being found in the Mediterranean and across Europe as well as in China. In the eleventh century some German Craftsmen found that by producing smaller flatter pieces of glass they could create designs by putting the glass pieces together with lead, which was the beginning of stained glass.

With time came machines to produce glass in more uniform ways than the previous by hand method. The machines made are possible to produce bottles, decorative items and vases. In 1914 a resident of Belgium named Fourcault discovered that he could use a tank furnace to make continuous sheets of glass.

A tank furnace replaced the pot furnace at the end of the Industrial revolution. The tank furnace was used to progressively produce massive amounts of molten glass. Following Fourcaults ideas were those of an American by the name of Colburn who drew off and improved the process of another way to produce sheet glass.

Colburns idea spread and was soon thereafter adapted into the process used by the Libby Owens Company. In 1928 the Pittsburgh process combined both Fourcault and Colburns systems to create a better system that is still in use for glass sheets today. At the last parts of the Victorian era glass was beginning to be more accessible and less expensive due to the amounts produced by the Pittsburgh system.

The Great Exhibition in 1851 had on the Crystal Palace on display which was a glass structure. The structure made entirely from glass encouraged home owners replace the thin sheets of wood currently covering the open areas, with glass windows as protection against the elements and to add decorative elements to the home.

From the Romans version of windows to the modern day version of Plexiglas windows. The history of glass windows has progressed over the years. Stained glass has gone through small intricate pieces to elaborate works of art and the thick bulky pieces of glass for a window covering has gone from thin and easily damaged to Plexiglas.

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categories: glass,history,glazing,windows,double glazing,property,house,home,home repairs,real estate,education

The Elements of Artificial Intelligence Modern Approach

Monday, April 12th, 2010

There are number of books written in the field of artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence Modern Approach is one of the best books published for the domain of artificial intelligence and the book is extensively used in the universities. Written by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence Modern Approach has been in the use among the academics.

In addition to that, this book is viewed as one of the most influencial text books in the domain of AI. It is verified by the  fact that about 1,100 universities around the world use it as an official text book in their undergraduate and postgraduate courses of study. Therefore, I personally believe that this is an outstanding achievement for a book. The book Artificial Intelligence Modern Approach has eight parts explaining the most crucial parts of the field AI.

Part one simply introduces the subject area of artificial intelligence to the students. Since the book is designed for undergraduates, the readers need not to have any knowledge of artificial intelligence. In addition to that, Intelligent Agents are also presented in the first part.

At the beginning of part 2, an introduction to AI problem solving is given. Although someone will feel that it is too early to talk about artificial intelligence problem solving, this part simply explains the approaches used for problem solving without going to greater discussions.

From part 3 to 7, different fields of AI are introduced in the book, Artificial Intelligence Modern Approach. Part three talks about knowledge and reasoning in a broader sense. In this part, much emphasis has been put on first-order logic and related problems.

Artificial intelligence planning is the next part in the book. Even in the real world of artificial intelligence, not enough stress is applied for artificial intelligence planning. Therefore, committing a part of the book for this subject field is a great service for people who are learning AI anew.

Part five is completely committed for uncertainty related problems. Since uncertain knowledge and reasoning is something which is kernel to AI, much stress is given for this field of the subject. In addition to that, simple and complex decision making is explained in a relatively entertaining and simple manner in this section of the book.

Machine learning is the next subject tackled by the part six of Artificial Intelligence Modern Approach as machine learning is something which cheers a lot of your scientists. By giving the students the full picture of machine learning, this part talks about all sorts of machine learning activities.

Part seven is all about robotics. I think the authors have retained the most interesting part to the end of the book, just for keeping the students engaged in the book. This is the part where the robotics is talked about in detail. At last, the book ends at part eight with the conclusions.

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Several Variety of Artificial Intelligence Books

Monday, April 12th, 2010

What is There for You in Artificial Intelligence Books?

Artificial intelligence is a study with many books available for study purpose. Although the geek books for AI are the commonly available category, there are a few books for novice who are interested in AI as well. When it comes to artificial intelligence books, there is a fundamental difference of the spectrum of the available books. Take the theory of relativity as an example. In this area of science, there are books addressing all the categories of readers from layperson to physicists.

Therefore, irrespective of your knowledge in physics, you can always find a great book which handles your level of understanding. When it comes to artificial intelligence books, they story is a little bit different. Although there are fistful of books that introduces AI for the general public, there is a void for the intermediate level. This discourages the youth who are interested in AI, but were incapable to get into a degree program in AI.

You can expect a layman’s introduction to the study of AI from the artificial intelligence books that have been written for the beginners. These books simply explain the evolution of the AI field and introduce the current developments and technologies. Once you read one of these books, you will have an overall idea of what artificial intelligence is and the general applications of AI.

The advanced artificial intelligence books do target the graduate level of studies and comprise a lot of math and computer programming. It is really difficult for someone to understand the content of these books without proper mathematical and computer programming knowledge.

How to Find Artificial Intelligence Books?

If you just need to explore the world of artificial intelligence on its surface, then spending your fortune on expensive books is not advised. The books written about AI are relatively costly than the rest of the books. Therefore, for getting free books, just search the Internet and you will find plenty of free e-books that can be downloaded straightaway. Once you need more knowledge than what is available in free content, then you can simply turn in to one of the online books stores such as Amazon.com.

Amazon has almost all the popular and significant artificial intelligence books for a reasonable price. If you don’t mind buying second hand artificial intelligence books, then you have that option available on Amazon too. Reading book reviews is the best method to find out how good the book is. Therefore, make sure you always read the review before clicking ‘Purchase’ button.

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Drivers to Avoid Windows Errors

Monday, February 8th, 2010

Windows errors are inevitable and these are caused by several things. It may be an issue with the hardware, peripherals connected, or the software itself. Since software is still a broad field of computers, possible conflict with the operating system and hardware configuration can be considered. Sometimes, missing drivers causes the computer to be not functional.

There are lots of drivers on your computer that may have missing entries on the registry. To answer that issue, more free driver tools are available online. The most commonly used drivers are audio drivers, motherboard drivers, network drivers, printer drivers and USB drivers. Sometimes, storage drivers and scanner drivers found online are also helpful.

The computer needs audio drivers to recognize the audio device connected on it. A glitch in the system can greatly affect the sound entertainment and ruin the mood for music.

To enjoy more on error-free sound recordings and playing of music, you should installed audio drivers properly. You can avoid audio driver download error by checking the BIOS settings of the motherboard. And aside from the hassle of manual configuration, you can make use of downloadable audio drivers from legitimate and spyware-free websites. It depends on the external peripherals or the audio device attached to the system.

Realtek is the most common speaker system nowadays that is why more free drivers are dedicated for them. Realtek drivers are compatible to Windows operating systems from 98 up to Windows 7. Some of them are Realtek AC’97 Driver, Realtek High Definition Audio Codec R2.31 and R2.33 versions.

Realtek AC’97 Driver has a Realtek 3D engine to allow changes in customized settings. However, to activate this special feature, DirectX 8 is needed. Realtek High Definition Audio Codec is an audio package that includes driver setup program, WDM driver, Realtek Soundman, Realtek Sound Effect Manager. Version R2.31 is known as maintenance release while R2.33 is an updated one for your HD. This driver is compatible with 32-bit and 64-bit platforms.

In the case of motherboard drivers, the installer comes in the form of a disk for new computers. You should safely keep this disk for future purposes. In case that the CD is misplaced, it is advisable to search for the drivers online to avoid windows errors.

Just like the audio drivers, Realtek dominates the network drivers. The old net driver in the form of Realtek RTL8139 Family PCI Fast Ethernet NIC has been improved which gives way to Realtek RTL Gigabit and Fast Ethernet NIC Driver supporting XP 64 bit but not for Windows 7.

As for printer drivers, it is based on the brand and version of printers. Same as motherboard drivers, disc comes together with the device. USB drivers on the other hand are easy to find because as the name implies, this is universal.

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categories: software,windows,computer,entertainment,recreation,humor,family,education,hobbies

Do You Want A Higher Than Average Salary? Have A Look At Computer Training

Friday, August 14th, 2009

Computer training comes in all forms, such as online, classroom, on-the-job and at-home/software. They range from in-depth career training to instructing on a one to  one type of software program

IT is impacting all areas of business today and many people are finding themselves drawn to an IT career whether it is in computer support and repair or a more artistic field like web design or computer graphics or even data recovery services.

Salaries vary in the IT industry but the  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts tremendous growth in this field, estimating a 27-53% increase by 2016. The average salary for someone working in the computer industry fluctuates between $50,000 and $80,000, depending on the specific job title. On the low end of the spectrum are analysts; while at the high end are engineers.

Computer training comes in all manner of forms so if you were taking Microsoft certification this will demonstrate to employers that you have a mastery of Microsoft Office 2007 and Windows Vista. The Technology Series allows you to become a Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS), which showcases your ability to build, troubleshoot, debug and implement a Windows server, Microsoft .NET framework or Microsoft SQL server.

However, when contemplating a career change, local colleges offer more in-depth computer training courses like computer engineering, troubleshooting, networking and programming.

Computer training varies widely. Beginners can take basic computer classes that teach how to turn on a computer, set up passwords and customize the desktop. Students will find out how to save information on a hard drive, flash drive and CD/DVD ROM drive, as well as how to retrieve and organize their files.

Higher levels of training offer specific software computer training for programs like Microsoft Office, Adobe Acrobat or Quicken. They will learn how to install and replace plug-and-play programs and install video cards, modem cards or firewalls and  depending on your course you could work in a number of fields. For instance, computer programmers write and test programs and problem solve using computers.

If you just want to beef up your basic skills though then it would be worth asking one of  the local computer repair companies as often the offer computer help as well.